AbstractTillage and residue retention affect nitrogen (N) dynamics and nutrient losses and therefore nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and crop fertilizer use, however, there is little information about residual fertilizer effects on the subsequent crop. Micro- plots with 15N- labelled urea were established in 2014/2015 on a long- term experi-ment on a Vertisol in north- west Mexico. N fertilizer recovery (NFR) and the effects of residual fertilizer N for summer maize (Zea mays L.) and the subsequent wheat (Triticum durum L.) crop were studied in three tillage?straw management practices (CTB:conventionally tilled beds; PB- straw:permanent raised beds with residue retention; PB- burn:permanent raised beds with residue burning). Fertilizer 15N recovery rates for maize grain across all treatments were low with an average of 11%, but after wheat harvest total recovered 15N (15N in maize and wheat straw and grain, residual soil 15N) was over 50% for the PB- burn treatment. NFR was lowest in CTB after two cropping cycles (32%). Unaccounted N from applied fer-tilizer for the maize crop averaged 120 kg 15N ha?1 after wheat harvest. However, more than 20% of labelled 15N was found in the 0?90 cm soil profile in both PB treatments after wheat harvest, which highlights the need for long- term studies and continuous monitoring of the soil nutrient status to avoid over- application of min-eral N fertilizer.